This is why seawater at Antarctica is very salty. The salt that is rejected forms brine beneath the ice and becomes more and more salty until it becomes so dense that it sinks, displaces less dense seawater that moves to the surface. As ice forms in the sea, the salt cannot form part of the ice crystal so the ice is almost pure water.The salinity of seawater is about 3.5% and it freezes at about -1.9☌.The addition of salt to water makes a solution that is denser than fresh water – it freezes at a lower temperature.Q: The composition of a mixture of potassium chlorate and potassium chloride is to be determined. A: Given: Density 0.967 g/mL Volume 499.8 mL The Mass of water Density of water x volume Mass. How many molecules of water are present in a 499.8 mL. The hydrogen of the water molecule is attracted to chlorine ions and the oxygen to the sodium ions. A: Q: The density of water at 4.00☌ is 0.967 g/mL. This allows the sodium and chlorine ions to be pulled apart by the water molecules. Salt dissolves in water because the attraction between the water molecules and the sodium ions or chlorine ions is stronger than the attraction between the sodium ions and chloride ions in the lattice.For every sodium ion you will find one chlorine ion (1:1 ratio). Salt is made up of many sodium and chlorine ions stacked together in a lattice.Other applications of specific gravity include fluid mechanics, buoyancy and the brewing industry.Conversely the weight can be calculated if the volume is known. Calculating volume of a fluid: The fluid’s volume can be calculated using the specific gravity of the fluid and the weight.This value is often used as a reference point for the density of other substances. Urine Specific Gravity: The Urine Specific gravity (USG) is measured and used mostly in veterinary sciences to understand whether water is excreted or conserved in an appropriate fashion. The density of water at a temperature of 4 degrees Celsius is 1000 kilograms per cubic meter (kg/m³) or 1 gram per cubic centimeter (g/cm³).Determining the additives used in a base material: Specific gravity is used to find out the amount of additives used in a base material which might affect the performance and stability of the base material.Pharmaceuticals: The specific gravity is used to find out the purity of a drug since each of the constituents has a distinct specific gravity.Specific Gravity has a wide range of applications including: Other instruments to measure specific gravity are the Pycnometer, and digital density meters based on oscillating U-tubes. The device is designed to float freely at the liquid surface with a protruding stem giving a reading corresponding to the specific gravity of the liquid. The hydrometer can be used to measure the specific gravity of any liquid. There is a wide range of instruments designed to measure the specific gravity of a material. The reference density of water at 4 oC (39 oF) is used as the reference as these are the conditions of maximum density. Where SG = specific gravity, ρ = density of the material (kg/m 3), ρW = density of water ( kg/m 3). The latent heat of vapourisation of water is 2.25 10 6 J/kg. The following formula is used to calculate the specific gravity of a material. The increase in internal energy of 1 kg of water at 100 0 C when it is converted into steam at the same temperture and at 1 atm (100 kPa) will be: (The density of water and steam are 1000 k g / m 3 and 0.6 k g / m 3 respectively. The specific gravity of all other materials is compared to water as a fraction heavier lighter or heavier density. The specific gravities of gases usually are compared to dry air which generally has a density of 1.29 g per litre. By definition, water has a density of 1 kg per litre at this temperature. The maximum density of water at 4☌ is 1 g/cm³ or 1000 kg/m³. In more general terms specific gravity is the ratio of the density of a material to that of any standard substance, although usually this is water at 4 degrees Celsius or 39.2 degrees Fahrenheit. We know that the density of water is maximum at 4☌. Specific gravity is unique to every material and has a very wide range of application. The temperature and pressure of both the material and water need to be the same as these factors influence the density and hence the specific gravity. The Specific Gravity of liquids and solids is defined as a dimensionless unit which is the ratio of density of a material to the density of water at a given temperature, where density is defined as the material’s mass per unit volume and is measured in kg/m 3.
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